Essay My Personal Culture - 996 Words

Culture defines people’s values, beliefs, and personal interests. Culture is important because it allows people to maintain a unique identity society. Many cultures have common interests, while others may have customs that differ greatly from that of another. Technology has had a huge impact on present day cultures. Many culture have been altered including my own, and some have been created due to the rise of technology. Cultures differ so greatly that someone belonging to one culture may not agree with the values of another, which then causes social and ethical issues. My culture shares many similarities with others around the world; most of which have connected more people in recent years than ever before. Cultural gaps, and lack of†¦show more content†¦In the past, things were primarily about skin color, and issues regarding people of a particular skin color were handled by such, and not ethnicity. Black people were black people, whites were whites, and so on. The point is that by distinguishing myself from a general role, I am able to have my own identity, and I can make choices for my best interest, and not for the majority. In spite of their differences, both African and African-American culture have been able to connect in certain ways in recent years, as well as other cultures. Technology, specifically social media has allowed my generation to connect with one another even with our cultural differences. There is a chemistry that exists within my generation that my parent’s generation never could have imagined was possible. The International Association of Business Communicators says â€Å"At its core, social media are about sharing information across boundaries. We can now find out what we want from whomever we want. Social media is breaking down hierarchical, regional, age and cultural boundaries† (IABC). Things have changed socially, through digital means, and it’s a big part of what makes me and my generation unique. Today, people in the United States can interact and communicate with people from anywhere around the world. I listened to some weird electronic music from France o ne night and it is amazing that I can do that. The internet hasShow MoreRelatedPersonal Culture And My Family Culture Essay2114 Words   |  9 PagesWhile looking upon my personal culture and my family’s culture in an attempt to find appropriate dishes for this assignment, it became apparent to me that I have no definite culture. Whereas I have lived in Canada my whole life, my family’s background has engaged me in varying cultures, though I have never felt truly attuned to one culture. On the other hand, my father is a first generation Canadian, his parents both from Scotland. Though aware of my Scottish origins and my grandparents’ migrationRead MoreReflection Of My Personal Culture753 Words   |  4 Pagesthey developed in. Those beliefs or customs then shape a person’s mentality and how they interact with the world. Many different characteristics have really shaped me to become who I am today. My personal culture has shaped my own thinking and perce ption of the world considering that I grew up in a small town, my family’s careers, and having divorced parents. In the conservative small town of Mont Belvieu, Texas with a whopping 5,500 population, there is little room for outside opinions. It is just anotherRead MoreMy Personal View On Culture1038 Words   |  5 Pageswhat the term Culture means. There are thousands of different cultures in the world, that’s what makes things fun and interesting. I’m aware some individuals would argue that books are the most accurate source I can find. However, in this situation you and I are the living definitions of culture, what it means to us, and the role it plays in our lives on a daily basis. Just knowing that makes you and I the most credible source obtaining knowledge on the definition culture. Culture is not only aboutRead MoreMy Personal Experience of Culture1816 Words   |  7 Pagesand people are expected to take them on for their personal wellbeing and for societys wellbeing as a whole. Even with these, other behaviors can be damaging for ones personal identity, considering tha t the respective person no longer has the ability to distinguish between ideas that are his or hers and ideas that have been induced as a result of the environment that they live in. It all started when I realized that my dreams were not actually my dreams. Surely, this might sound confusing, but readRead MoreMy Personal Experience Of My Arabic Culture874 Words   |  4 PagesArabic Culture Culture is a very significant attribute of human experience determining to a large extend the way people relate with others within their environment. According to Mahfouz (2011), culture is also important not just for managing the way understand and relate with each other but also as a form of identification giving people a sense of belonging and identity. The human race is highly cultured with many different people preferring to lead their lives based on traditions definedRead MoreMy Personal Culture : Ralph Waldo Emerson910 Words   |  4 PagesMy Personal Culture (question) What to choose? Everyday, we have the choice to choose who we want to be. Daily, we have the option of reflecting upon yesterday and growing from our mistakes, to change our future. We are all sculpted by our virtues and personal culture. Discovering our personal culture is like growing and breathing. We all do it but many don’t take the time to think about and appreciate it. As Ralph Waldo Emerson, the famous Transcendentalist writer once said, â€Å"What is a weed? A plantRead MorePersonal Statement : My Mexican American Culture1625 Words   |  7 PagesAll cultures are different and influence how we develop as adults. In my Mexican American culture many virtues of strength, courage, and hope has been passed on. Growing up in an environment where financial hardship prevailed I was still able to observe how my parents had hopeful attitudes, loved, had patience, and kindness toward others. Our strong family unity brought me comfort and confidence in knowing I had their support and guidance. The qualities my family passed on to me are hope, love, patienceRead MorePersonal Statement : My Personal Perspective On Privilege, Race, And Culture Essay2741 Words   |  11 Pagesending, my perspective on privilege, race, and culture has drastically changed from my perspective now. The program has challenged me in ways that are unexplainable and I can only imagine how I will feel after completing the program. I had explained in my previous reflection papers how my physical disability and my ethnicity have helped define my identity. The program has helped provide insight and awareness about my identity and how I view myself. One thing that is a massive part of my identityRead MorePersonal Items that Defined My Culture Essay691 Words   |  3 Pagespresent to us our culture. As a small child, my parents introduced me to the world, and what a wonderful place it can or can’t be. Different traditions were taught to me throughout my years and these developed into the fundamental ideas for my lifestyle and culture. The idea of culture that we all share is extremely complex, so it is hard to define any parts of it without the use of symbolism. In order to define my culture, I selected three objects to represent me and my culture in a broad spectrumRead MorePersonal Reflection Essay - My Year I Became A Culture Shock For Me771 Words   |  4 Pagesfor the very first time. My 7-year-old self, full with excitement and glee could not wait to finally visit my parents’ motherland, Nigeria. Being born in America, visiting such different nation was a culture shock for me especially because I was so young. While I was there, I experienced many different things with my parents such as participating in many Nigerian traditional events and becoming more exposed to the roots I was brought up from. Although I thoroughly enjoyed my visit, there was an event

Apology and Phaedo, by Socrates - 833 Words

Riya Roy HON 105 Will McNeil 04/15/14 Paper One Contemplating Death Both philosophers and non-philosophers stand on a level of equality with respect to death. There are no experts on death, for there is nothing to know about it. Even those who study the death process have no edge on the rest of us. We are all equals in thinking about death, and we all begin and end thinking about it from a position of ignorance. One trouble with discussing this topic is the instinctive fear of death. We tend to avoid death in our thoughts and actions. However, if we could forget our fears for a minute, we could see more clearly how interesting the concept actually is from a more detached point of view. One of the most interesting views on death comes from an ancient Greek philosopher, Socrates. In the texts that are going to be analyzed in this essay, Apology and Phaedo, are the retellings of words and thoughts of Socrates by Plato, a pupil and admirer of Socrates. Both texts lecture about the topic of death and though both are the thoughts of Socrates at different t imes of his life, they have similar and contrasting views on the outlook of death. The Apology is the most authentic account that has been preserved of Socrates defense of himself as it was presented before the Athenian Council. Socrates accusers are poets, craftsmen, politicians and orators who accuse him of corrupting the youth by making them lose confidence in the government that has jurisdiction over them. Socrates speaksShow MoreRelatedThe Apology And Phaedo By Socrates914 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Apology and Phaedo, as Socrates prepares to die his friends are concerned about him and why he does not fear death, but rather looks forward to this. Plato through Socrates makes this statement of his beliefs of death and what lies beyond this final barrier of consciousness. Plato believes that we live on through our souls and into another body. Socrates faces death with excitement because in his eyes to die is to practice perfect philosophy. This comes from his Argument of Opposites and theRead MorePlato s Apology And The Apology1591 Words   |  7 PagesIn thi s paper I will discuss how Plato s Apology and Phaedo have difference ideas of what it means to be a philosopher. I will explain how in the Apology, the philosopher is wise in how he/she understand that they are wise because they know that they don t know, and in Phadeo the philosopher knowledgable and are concern in gaining more knowledge. In Plato s Apology we learn about Socrates life and who he really is. In platos Apology a philosopher is a wise person because he understands thatRead MoreArguments On Death And How The Human Condition1197 Words   |  5 PagesDeath and How They Relate to the Human Condition In Plato’s â€Å"Five Dialogues†, Socrates argues what he believes death is and what it will bring, and then urges humans to not fear death and perhaps even embrace it. Though the arguments both aim to dispel the fear of death, only one, the Phaedo, truly provides insight into the meaning of death, the preparation for it, and goes on to expound the human condition. The Phaedo does this in a detailed way by offering a strong argument that provides answersRead MoreTry to Persuade Socrates Friends to Save Him Against His Will1191 Words   |  5 PagesTry to persuade the Socrates`s friends to save him, against his will. Socrates Is one of the most colorful figures of the ancient Greek world, who the strangeness of privacy life have always been of special philosophical and political science. He was convict to death because he does not believe in God and corrupted the youth people to do the same. In Plato`s dialogue Crito, Socrates spent his last time in the prison. Crito is coming to save Socrates and have plans how toRead MoreThe Comparison Of Socrates And The Death Of Plato And Plato1292 Words   |  6 Pagesdrawing and different pieces of art to the Bible. Today we will be discussing the The Death of Socrates (Apology Crito and Phaedo) and the author Plato. Plato was a student of Socrates. In these dialogues, he narrates the events leading up to Socrates’ death. To begin I will be discussing the reasons why Plato wrote these dialogues. Leading into the discussion of each dialogue and the importance each work. Socrates was a man who in these dialogues discusses how during his life he knew that he did not knowRead MorePhilosophies Relationship to Death Essay971 Words   |  4 PagesDeath Apology and Phaedo Knowledge of Death versus Belief in a Soul In Plato’s Apology, Socrates says that he knows nothing of death while in Phaedo he discusses many of his beliefs on death and its philosophical ramifications. From this simple perspective it may seem as though he is contradicting himself although he, after further investigation, is not. Philosophically, the idea of death and an afterlife can be looked at from multiple non-contradictory viewpoints. Socrates talks of hisRead MoreEssay about Socrates vs Gilgamesh1173 Words   |  5 PagesJoe Arce 19 Sept 2011 Socrates Vs. Gilgamesh Socrates’ view of death in the Phaedo, Crito, and Apology is complex. His argument tries to prove that philosophers, of all people, are in the best state to die or will be in the best state after life because of the life they lead. Socrates’ views are sharply contrasted in The Epic of Gilgamesh. In fact, he would probably say that Gilgamesh had not lived the proper kind of li fe and his views of life, and death would lead to an unsettled existence in theRead MoreThe Death Of Socrates And Jacques-Louis David1578 Words   |  7 Pagesof Socrates was painted by the French painter Jacques-Louis David during the Neo-classical era in 1787. The painting illustrates the execution the Philosopher Socrates as told by Plato in his Phaedo. In 399 B.C, the Athenian court had put Socrates on trial for talking about things in the sky and below the earth, corrupting the minds of the youth, and not believing in the gods, but in other spiritual things. Socrates was then sentenced to death by drinking a poisoned hemlock. In Plato’s Phaedo DeathRead MoreThe Body And The Soul1153 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of the Distinctions of the Body and the Soul in the Philosophy of Socrates This philosophical study will define the distinctions of the body and the soul as defined in the philosophy of Socrates. In the Phaedo, Socrates defines the important distinction between the †visible† body and the â€Å"invisible† substance of the soul. Socrates defines the temporal and changing nature of the visible body, which is impermanent. In contrast to this view, the soul is a higher form of incomposite energyRead MoreUnderstanding Philosophy and Its Benefits1194 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding Philosophy and its Benefits By: Anonymous Understanding Philosophy and its Benefits 1 Many of Plato’s dialogues such as the Euthyphro, Apology, Crito and Phaedo are based upon the same reoccurring theme, the defense of the study of philosophy. Plato’s dialogues notable for their depth in a relatively narrow framework, attempt to argue the benefits of philosophical reasoning through essence, knowledge and truth. To understand the benefits of philosophy one must pose the question

Stress Management Tips for College Students Free Essays

Stress Management Tips for College Students Being a student can be a very an exciting time – with loads of new friends, clubs, courses and experiences with the new semester, there’s a lot to look forward to and enjoy; however, there can also be a lot of pressures with juggling part-time jobs, assignments and exams and essays. Trying to manage all these things at once can cause students a lot of stress. We believe with appropriate focus and following stress management tips for college students, you can be in much better shape. We will write a custom essay sample on Stress Management Tips for College Students or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Dr. Forbes, â€Å"Stress occurs when your tension level exceeds your energy level, resulting in an overloaded feeling and as long as our available energy exceeds our tension level, then we’re in an okay state†. Dr. Forbes says. â€Å"But if energy is low and tensions are higher, then that can result in a state of anxiety, depression, and feeling overwhelmed.† David S. Walonick explains in his article that â€Å"short-term stress has served a useful purpose in our survival. Long-term stress, however, involves increasingly higher levels of prolonged and uninterrupted stress. The body adapts to the stress by gradually adjusting its baseline to higher and higher levels.†It might not seem like it when you’re feeling down, but living a more stress free life is possible. If you’re not careful, working too hard and worrying too much can lead to â€Å"burnout† – when everything seems bleak and you have nothing left to give. There are some really easy ways to beat stress effectively. Here are some of the stress management tips for college students: 1. Eat a Healthy Diet Eating fresh fruit and vegetables is really important. Studies have found that juices filled with vitamin C, such as orange or grapefruit juice, are good for your immune system and can help with stress. When you’re busy and tired it can be tempting just to grab another pizza or ready meal, but cooking from scratch can be therapeutic as well as being healthier. Stress Management Tips for College Students 2. Exercise Exercising once a week is a proven way to reduce students stress. It helps your body produce endorphins, which make you feel good. Even daily walks of 30 minutes can help reduce stress levels but it’s even better to work out intensively. Even if you don’t feel like it at the time you will feel the benefits afterwards. Joining a sports club could also help with stress as the regular contact with other people should help relieve your stress. 3. Meditation It might sound simple, but sitting quietly for 10 minutes a day can really help with stress levels. If you’ve never tried meditation before, it’s worth a go. Good breathing techniques can put you in a more relaxed state as they send oxygen surging through your bloodstream, helping to calm you down and beat the stress. 4. Take a break! Short breaks between working can help you switch off. But longer breaks are important too. How about taking the weekend off to relaxMake time for fun and for yourself even if this means that you have to schedule time away from your work. You’ll hopefully come back to your work feeling fresh. 5. Sleep (and sign off Facebook) Sleep is always the best medicine and some people find that small 20-minute naps can help increase productivity. As students we tend to spend too much time on social media sites and answering emails, texts and phone calls. Sociability is fun – but too much of it, and too much computer time, can lead to more stress. Failing to switch off from work because of your electronic gadgets will only make you even more stressed. 6. Use our site Don’t forget that our site is also here to help support you through the pressured times; our essay writing and exam preparation services are designed to relieve you of the stress of preparing an assignment while getting you the highest possible marks. Visit our site to find out more. How do you manage stressShare your tips in the comments section below To modify or extend any essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today How to cite Stress Management Tips for College Students, Essay examples Stress Management Tips for College Students Free Essays Stress Management Tips for College Students Being a student can be a very an exciting time – with loads of new friends, clubs, courses and experiences with the new semester, there’s a lot to look forward to and enjoy; however, there can also be a lot of pressures with juggling part-time jobs, assignments and exams and essays. Trying to manage all these things at once can cause students a lot of stress. We believe with appropriate focus and following stress management tips for college students, you can be in much better shape. We will write a custom essay sample on Stress Management Tips for College Students or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Dr. Forbes, â€Å"Stress occurs when your tension level exceeds your energy level, resulting in an overloaded feeling and as long as our available energy exceeds our tension level, then we’re in an okay state†. Dr. Forbes says. â€Å"But if energy is low and tensions are higher, then that can result in a state of anxiety, depression, and feeling overwhelmed.† David S. Walonick explains in his article that â€Å"short-term stress has served a useful purpose in our survival. Long-term stress, however, involves increasingly higher levels of prolonged and uninterrupted stress. The body adapts to the stress by gradually adjusting its baseline to higher and higher levels.†It might not seem like it when you’re feeling down, but living a more stress free life is possible. If you’re not careful, working too hard and worrying too much can lead to â€Å"burnout† – when everything seems bleak and you have nothing left to give. There are some really easy ways to beat stress effectively. Here are some of the stress management tips for college students: 1. Eat a Healthy Diet Eating fresh fruit and vegetables is really important. Studies have found that juices filled with vitamin C, such as orange or grapefruit juice, are good for your immune system and can help with stress. When you’re busy and tired it can be tempting just to grab another pizza or ready meal, but cooking from scratch can be therapeutic as well as being healthier. Stress Management Tips for College Students 2. Exercise Exercising once a week is a proven way to reduce students stress. It helps your body produce endorphins, which make you feel good. Even daily walks of 30 minutes can help reduce stress levels but it’s even better to work out intensively. Even if you don’t feel like it at the time you will feel the benefits afterwards. Joining a sports club could also help with stress as the regular contact with other people should help relieve your stress. 3. Meditation It might sound simple, but sitting quietly for 10 minutes a day can really help with stress levels. If you’ve never tried meditation before, it’s worth a go. Good breathing techniques can put you in a more relaxed state as they send oxygen surging through your bloodstream, helping to calm you down and beat the stress. 4. Take a break! Short breaks between working can help you switch off. But longer breaks are important too. How about taking the weekend off to relaxMake time for fun and for yourself even if this means that you have to schedule time away from your work. You’ll hopefully come back to your work feeling fresh. 5. Sleep (and sign off Facebook) Sleep is always the best medicine and some people find that small 20-minute naps can help increase productivity. As students we tend to spend too much time on social media sites and answering emails, texts and phone calls. Sociability is fun – but too much of it, and too much computer time, can lead to more stress. Failing to switch off from work because of your electronic gadgets will only make you even more stressed. 6. Use our site Don’t forget that our site is also here to help support you through the pressured times; our essay writing and exam preparation services are designed to relieve you of the stress of preparing an assignment while getting you the highest possible marks. Visit our site to find out more. How do you manage stressShare your tips in the comments section below To modify or extend any essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today How to cite Stress Management Tips for College Students, Essay examples

Strategic Finance

Question: Describe about the capital asset pricing model. Answer: Introduction Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) proves to be very efficient in the analytical toolkit of financial manager despite the fact that it is based on strong assumptions. CAPM proposes a very powerful theory of asset pricing by associating portfolio investment to beta (single-risk factor). It states that the expected return on an asset which is above the risk-free rate is proportional to non-diversifiable risk (Berk et. al, 2015). Many economists have criticized the reality and simplicity of this theory but its still used by firms as an effective model for calculation of cost of capital. This paper will discuss these implications in the light of recent developments. The assumptions of this model will be discussed together with the major theories and then the discussion through critics of the assumptions. It needs to be noted that despite it s popularity and usefulness, the entire concept is based upon the assumptions. Importance and development in the current scenario CAPM is still regarded as one the best financial theories ever developed and William Sharpe was even awarded for his work in CAPM and this raises a question that why are there several critics to this theory (Da et. al, 2012). It is because of the strong assumptions on which the theory is based but it is to be noted that the proponents of this model argue that capital market functions as if these assumptions are satisfied (Berk et. al, 2015). In CAPM, everyone bears same risks in varied amounts, investors grasp diversified portfolios and they require a return for their risk (systematic) as unsystematic risk can be ignored. Depending upon the expected rate of return, investors rank their portfolio and as every investor hold the same portfolio, it is normal that they are satisfied to purchase the market portfolio. Furthermore, part of the risk on these assets can be diverted by purchasing different assets (Ferris et. al, 2010). Also, the risk of these assets is not attributed to the var iability of return but this variability will be accurate if every dime of money is invested in a single asset. It is to be noted that by diversification, the risk which is unique or isolated to individual stocks can be eliminated but not that risk which is declined by the market as a whole (Vaitilingam, 2010). In this context, the assumptions of CAPM prove useful as it support in concentrating on the relation between risks (systematic) and return but the real world clearly does not agree with this idealized world and when these assumptions do not meet the expectations of real world, the effectiveness of CAPM gets affected (Davies Crawford, 2012). Hence, it is one of the major drawbacks that are the proceedings of the CAPM get affected by the assumptions. Assumptions and the importance The first assumption assumes a financial market filled with highly-educated buyers and sellers while the second assumption explains investors that care about wealth and opt more to less. Hence, it ascertains that the major inclination is towards wealth creation and a prudent additionally, the hypothetical investors demand a premium in a higher expected return form, for the risks they undertake (Da et. al, 2012). These two assumptions are the cornerstones of modern financial theory but with the development of CAPM, more assumptions are derived. These include markets without transaction costs, restriction on short-selling and borrowing, tax-free market, investors holding diversified portfolios etc (Christensen, 2011). These assumptions are not valid in the real world, for example, even a small business acquisition involves transaction costs, income from capital gains are taxed in different ways thus nullifying the assumption of tax-free market. Furthermore, Sharpe states that every investor has same belief about the return, risk and strategies of investment but in reality, investors have varied opinions on these. Despite all these, CAPM continues to roar as one of the best methods for calculating required return. The justification here is that although the assumptions are unrealistic, reality simplification is sometimes required to develop efficient models (Damodaran, 2010). These underlying assumptions alone cannot be considered for the true test of CAPM and instead the usefulness and validity must also be considered. Through the tolerance of these assumptions, an idealized but concrete model can be derived that can measure risk to return. Critics After the creation of CAPM, various researchers criticized the model. This was due to the fact that various loopholes in the model made the theory problematic but the advantages cannot be altogether neglected. CAPM assumes that risk can be measured by the standard deviation of systematic risk of an asset relative to the market standard deviation as a whole but in 1973, Fama and McBeth stated that standard deviation and Beta is irrelevant for determining the return as these cannot measure risk. Then in 1977, Richard Poll argued that CAPM and testing assets mean variance efficiency is totally same but if the market is unobservable, then the mean variance efficiency of market cannot be tested. In 1981, Rolf Banz stated that CAPM leads to misspecification as smaller firms have high risk adjusted returns than large firms. After the publication of this article, Berk, a critique of size-related anomalies, emphasized that risky firms have high returns and low market values. Further in 1992, Fama and French expressed that CAPM was useless for what it was developed (McLaney, 2003). They have written several papers in order to find an alternate for CAPM and according to their paper in 2004, they stated that the major problem with CAPM was that it constituted theory of market portfolio mainly and was based on many assumptions but this fact must not compulsorily take too much from the application of this model. In relation to this, Fama and French designed a three-factor model as an alternative to CAPM (Graham Smart, 2012). Three variables were used in this model that argued that beta was must not solely be considered for determining expected return but book-to-market ratio and market capitalization was also important. They stated that by adding these variables to the original calculation of CAPM justified around 90% of the diversified return of portfolio in comparison to the 70% of returns by CAPM (Choi Meek, 2011). Their arguments stirred the debate as they were very st rong but sooner in 1995, Kothari argued that the evidence of Fama and French were based on data that was affected by survivorship bias on the COMPUSTAT. In 1997, Daniel and Titman concluded that no higher returns were found under the three-factor model. All these developments in the area of CAPM clearly portray that however ineffective CAPM appears to be, it will still be the most popular way for ascertaining returns. In 2001, Harvey and Graham depicted through their paper that CAPM is widely used despite its assumptions and critiques. According to their research, CAPM was used on a scale of around 73.5% while a study by Bruner concluded it to be 84.5%. The Harvard Business Review prescribes that the reason behind so many critics for CAPM was that it was a relatively new model at that time but the concerns raised by it is that, firstly the value of beta are subject to alterations over time according to the change in the capital structure of company even though it is ascertained from historical or past data. Secondly, too much estimates of market return (expected) are subject to flaws. Finally, HBR drags the theoretical and practical problems by applying the CAPM model consecutively and recommends that CAPM model must be used in synchronization with other models in order to ascertain the cost of equity like Dividend Growth Model, Weighted Average Cost of Capital etc (Arnold, 2010). The developments and amendments ensured that CAPM can be used widely and that the procedure leads to a desirable result. Conclusion Hence, CAPM is still an efficient model for estimating return and cost of equity despite its assumptions and critiques. The faults lie in its applicability as well as its theoretical structure. The market portfolio theory of Markowitz model creates a downfall for CAPM and attracts many critiques (Williams, 2012). Other alternative models like Fama and Frenchs three-factor model, Dividend Growth Model, WACC etc are also used. Fischer Black models adaptation to CAPM, also called Black CAPM is viewed more realistic by professionals as the calculation does not accommodate riskless assets (Arnold, 2010). Going by the discussion it can be commented that CAPM is placed in a better fashion and provides a better aspect because the variables in CAPM is ascertained by the share price per data and beta is evaluated by utilizing the statistical method. But on a whole, this does not conclude that CAPM is not an efficient model, it is very unique in its way that considers the markets systematic ris k as a whole (Brealey et. al, 2011). The fact that it calculates expected returns and not actual returns, and even future cannot be predicted, CAPM becomes the most accurate way. Investors can utilize the concept of CAPM is collaboration with other tools that will provide a strong stability and will helps in decision-making process. References Arnold, G. (2010) The Financial Times Guide to Investing. Prentice Hall. Berk, J., DeMarzo, P. and Stangeland, D. (2015). Corporate Finance. Canadian Toronto: Pearson Canada. Bodie, Z., Kane, A. and Marcus, A. J. (2014). Investments. McGraw Hill Brealey, R., Myers, S. and Allen, F. (2011). Principles of corporate finance. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Choi, R.D. and Meek, G.K. (2011). International accounting. Pearson Press . Christensen, J. (2011) Good analytical research, European Accounting Review, 20(1), 41-51 Damodaran, A. (2010) Applied Corporate Finance: A Users Manual. New York: John Wiley Sons Damodaran, A. (2012) Investment Valuation. New York: John Wiley Sons. Davies, T. and Crawford, I. (2012).Financial accounting. Harlow, England: Pearson. Da, Z., Guo, R.J. and Jagannathan, R. (2012) CAPM for estimating the cost of equity capital: Interpreting the empirical evidence. Journal of Financial Economics 103 (2012) 204220 Ferris, S.P., Noronha, G. and Unlu, E. (2010) The more, merrier: an international analysis of the frequency of dividend payment, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 37(1), 14870. Graham, J. and Smart, S. (2012). Introduction to corporate finance. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. McLaney, E. (2003) Business Finance, Theory and Practice. FT Prentice Hall Vaitilingam, R. (2010) The Financial Times Guide to Using the Financial Pages. London: FT Prentice Hall. Williams, J. (2012).Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Mrs. Sirof Chris Medici Essays - Surfing, Coastal Geography

Mrs. Sirof Chris Medici English 3r Per 1 From the memior of Jenn Gooley As the sun rose up that summer day on the beach of Fire Island, Jen woke up to the smell of the ocean and the sounds of the waves crashing on the shore of the beach. Jen was staying with her close cousins and family. She was camping on the beach, and her cousins started a conversation with her. They tried to pursue and convince her to try to surf for the first time. Jen was so excited and couldn't wait to try. Her cousin gave her a board and they got in the water with her. As she stepped into the water, she felt the excitement in the cold water. They were in the water, all on their boards, talking together One of her cousins told her that it might take a couple of times to get up. She didn't pay much attention to that comment; she just got on her board. She picked out her wave, jumped on her board and she was up. Her cousins cheered her on as she rode the wave down to the shore. They surfed for hours, even though the water was freezing. Eventually they got out of the water, and went back to their campsite. They talked about it all night, the feeling of riding that wave. Soon all of them were getting excited and ready to surf. It was 2 am, one of the cousins said. Then Jen said, lets surf. They got in the ice cold water and began to surf for almost an hour. After they departed the ocean a feeling of completion went through Jens body. She thought about that first wave she rode all night. Bibliography none

Stairway to Heaven essays

Stairway to Heaven essays In the first verse the writer talks about a lady who is buying him a present. If she gets the right thing than he will be happy and it would be heaven. If she doesnt get the right gift, than all she has to say is one thing and he will forgive her. The second verse says that he wasnt clear about what he wants for the gift so she gos to a store by a brook. The store sells sculptures of the forest and she finds a singing bird clock, (cookoo clock). In the third verse he writes about his neighbour having a fire in the bush and he sees the smoke rise from the trees. He thinks about leaving to go see what his neighbour is doing when he hears the guy call out to him. In the fourth verse he says that his neighbour is a member of his band he thinks about them singing back there and the tune singing through the forest and then they laugh about it. In the fifth verse he talks about himself having trouble in the band. The spring cleaning means that he is just getting himself organised and finding what it is he is supposed to be doing with his life. If he has any trouble he can either quit the band and find a new one or just fix the problems in the one he has now. I think the sixth verse talks about his struggle with drugs. The whispering wind means that talking to someone about it will solve the problem. The last verse says that you will always find your soul mate and everything will turn out even in the worst of times. This is ...

DECISION MAKING Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

DECISION MAKING - Assignment Example The main challenge faced by Apple in its decision making process is regarding introduction of new products and services in the market. The premium price charged by the concerned company might create problem for its business operation in the long run. Apple Inc is well known for offering new and innovative products to its customers. The concerned company is constantly engaged in introducing unique products in the market. But the problem faced by the concerned company in delivering its new product is in determining whether the product introduced in the markets fulfils the expectations of its potential customers. The company charges high price as compared to its competitors. Therefore Apple remains in dilemma whether the consumer will consider the unique specification or feature included in the product or will compare the price while purchasing a particular product. The concerned company gained competitive advantages over its competitors in the market. Therefore in order to maintain its brand value and brand equity in the market Apple Inc is required to consider the psychological and behavioral aspects of the customers. The company is focusing only on the high end products, which might create a problem of sustainability of its business operation in long course of time. Apple is required to emphasize on introducing products both for its high end as well as low end consumers in the market. The alternatives considered for overcoming the decision making problem associated with the introduction of new product in the market is to make its premium and high-end products more attractive to its customers. The concerned company is focusing on differentiation strategy for its premium products and low cost producer which will offer an adequate product with low price. The low end product provided by the concerned company to its customers in the market should be charged below its competitor’s price. The list of resources utilized in the

The design for how mobile social media tackle with Bangor university Research Proposal

The design for how mobile social media tackle with Bangor university Chinese undergraduate student's career issues - Research Proposal Example The large number of the students compounds the manifestation of the problems that students from other countries face in new societies. Integration is a vital process in the development of students in institutions of higher education. Group studies are vital learning techniques that lecturers use in ensuring that students develop holistically, the Chinese students among other students from different cultures face challenges trying to integrate with the rest in their bid to participate in the groups. Participation of the Chinese students thus remains limited to the social and cultural factors that inhibit their socialization. The use of mobile phones coupled with the advent of social media on the other hand has provided the Chinese students with several opportunities to facilitate both their learning and integration in the college. Among the common mobile social media that students use in the college, include Facebook, Twitter and Instagram among many others. The social media provide the students with virtual groups. The selection of friends and the development of friends and networks in the social media relies on the likes and preferences that the students exhibit. This implies that a student easily selects friends with whom they share several values. Among the values the students consider in the development of their networks include similarity in career options and similarity in cultures. Additionally, the students readily interact with other students willing to assist them settle in the new society. The mobile social media thus help the students develop into holistic scholars who can interact with others in the society thereby adopt to their new environment. In a summary, the cultural difference presents myriad challenges to foreign students at the Bangor University key among whom are the Chinese students. The University must investigate the trend with the view of providing solutions to some of the challenges that the research seeks to

Supply Network Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Supply Network - Essay Example Supply chain network can be described as a customer-oriented operation management. The following diagram is an illustration of the supply chain network process. However beneficial the supply chain designs are to a company’s growth, there are a few flaws to these designs. For example, there is the issue of variation in minimum cost objectives. Still on the case of Sun Orchard, supply chain design objectives will be more beneficial only in the distribution of physical goods (Sun Orchard, 2012). Thereby, Sun Orchard should apply supply chain designs that mainly focus on proximity rather than the costs involved. Consequently, the application of the supply chain designs is not a guarantee that they will bring diversity and applicability to the business. Supply Chain Example: for Sun Orchard juice production. Sun Orchard is a juice producing company in the United States. The company specializes in the production and distribution of all kinds of juices with a global presence in Ameri ca, Australia, Asia and Africa. A simple process of the supply chain network process in Sun Orchard shows the links between the farm, the production plant to the distribution outlets and how materials and information is shared between these links. Supply Chain: Sun Orchard farm Juicing plant National Regional Shops, Distribution Distribution Supermarkets Centers Centers Vending machines The above supply chain is a simple illustration of the way information and material flows from the sun orchard farm, right through the process of production to the customers. Company change Nestle has successfully managed to apply supply chain management strategies for more business... This paper stresses that the current developments in IT have helped Target Australia in the development of its supply chain network process. Information Technology brings a smooth flow throughout the supply network. A supply chain design with system integration is able to provide an integrated transaction processing platform for the company, enhancing its overall performance and improving consistency in information relay and in improving efficiency in transaction processes. For example, the use of Electronic Data Interchange has helped Target Australia in relaying information thus reducing the costs of sending documents. According to Mike Johnston of the Supply Chain Resource Cooperative center, North Carolina University, an EDI helps in time management, create efficiency in the management of warehouse, create accuracy in transactions, and reduce clerical/administrative costs. This report makes a conclusion that The process starts from purchasing, production and then distribution to consumers. Flow of information is a link to the whole chain of supply from supplier and manufacturer to the customer. When the flow of information is unconstrained; the company will increase accuracy of operation by saving costs of production and fostering competitiveness of companies. Product flow profits through this supply chain from materials in raw state to manufacturing and lastly the finished goods which are sold to customers. The SCM deals with purchase manufacture and lastly, transport.

Ecological Factors Influencing Terrestrial Plants And Animals Biology Essay

Ecological Factors Influencing Terrestrial Plants And Animals Biology Essay Ecology was first defined by Ernst Haeckel in 1866 as the science of relations between organisms and their environment (Bramwell 1989). The study of ecology has developed over the years from an initial descriptive field of study in the 19th century to a more quantitative, experimental and analytical discipline in the 21st century (Mayorga et al. 2002). The definition has also developed. Krebs (1972) gave the following more defined definition, Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms. He omitted the use of the word environment. It is clear however that the interactions to which he referred are the very factors which create the environment and so a more complete definition which marries the definitions given by Haeckel and Krebs is suggested as follows by Begon et al. (2006): Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and the interactions that determine distribution and abundance. It is necessary to take a historical aspect and to discuss Island biogeography to understand the present distribution of plants and animals within the United Kingdom. The fauna and flora of islands are determined historically by events that occurred that affect floral and faunal populations. The initial event is generally seen to be the movement of land masses followed by glaciation. Pliestocene glaciation is largely the event determining the present day patterns in distribution of Flora and Fauna in the UK (Begon et al 2006). Recolonisation of plants and animals is dependent on distance from other populations and the ability of some animals to disperse and reproduce, grow and survive, once they arrive in a suitable environment. There are two notable contrasts with continental Europe, Britain has a relatively impoverished mammal fauna as several species, such as the garden dormouse Eliomys quercinus and the beech marten Murtesfuina, now found on the western edge of the continental ma inland, failed to recolonise Britain after the last ice age (Mitchell-Jones 1996). Reptiles and amphibians species are also more diverse on the continent than in the UK. There are only 6 native species in the United Kingdom, by comparison with a single species in Ireland which is further from Europe and Europe itself boasts over 87 reptilian species (Silva et al. 2009). Inter actions between organisms and their environment can be viewed at three different levels, the individual, as part of the population and as part of the community. To discuss the factors affecting the distribution of plants and animals in the United Kingdom it is necessary to look at all aspects. The scope of the interactions which will be discussed here are outlined in figure 1. The term niche is very frequently misunderstood as and often used loosely to describe where an animal lives, this is more correctly its habitat. A niche is a summary of the organisms tolerances and requirements, how they interact to define the conditions and resources needed by an individual or species in order to practice its way of life (Begon et al 2006), and the time it occurs there (Mackenzie et al 1998). The niche of an animal is generally larger than that it actually inhabits, This is the fundamental niche which is characterised by conditions (temperature, relative humidity amongst others), within the tolerable limits of a species provided that there are enough resources available i.e. food, accommodation and that it is not limited by interactions with other organisms such as predation and competition and that it is not prevented from getting to the suitable area (dispersal). Hutchinson (1957) identified the Fundamental niche from the realised niche with the latter being the m ore limited spectrum of conditions and resources that allow an animal to persist even in the presence of competition and predation. The primary conditions influencing animal distribution are as outlined in figure 1. These are portrayed as one dimensional but clearly the effect of temperature will be affected by the effect of winds and humidity. Conditions are defined as variable environmental factors which organisms respond to. They are non depletable, the organism cannot use them up (Mackenzie et al. 1998) l Figure 1. Factors affecting distribution of plants and animals in the United Kingdom Temperature is a condition which affects the rate of development in organisms, in fact many cold blooded animals incubation and development is given in degree days rather than in actual time. What is really required is a temperature-time continuum also referred to as physiological time. An example of how temperature affects not 1 but ultimately 2 species in their realised niche and distribution is given by Randall (1982) In this case The rush moth (Coleophora alticolella) lays its eggs on the flowers of the rush Junctus squarrosus and the caterpillar uses the ripe seeds as its food resource. The moths and the larvae are little affected by low temperatures so there is no reason why they cant extend their niche further up in altitude however at the lower temperatures above 600m the seed of the rush fails to ripen and so there is no food resource for the caterpillar. The temperature related limit of tolerance has been reached for the rush, which in turn limits the niche of the caterpill ar giving us the realised niche. The pH of soil and water can have a strong influence on plant and animal communities. Plant roots tend to be damaged in soils below pH3 and above pH 9 due to the pathogenic effect of toxic levels of H+ or OH- ions. Soil pH also has an effect on the uptake of nutrients and the concentration of toxins, tolerance levels vary for pH but only a minority of plants can grow at pH less than 4.5 (Begon et al 2006). Kidd and Proctor (2001) investigated the role of the toxicity of hydrogen (H+) as an explanation of the reduced plant growth observed in the grass Holcus lanatus L. (Yorkshireà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ fog) and the tree Betula pendula Roth (Silver Birch) in very acid soils. They collected soils and seeds from a range of acidic to more alkaline environments from 4 Scottish sites. It was shown that there was separate adaptation in the various populations to H+ or Al3+ toxicity which was closely related to the edaphic characteristics of the original site from which they were collected. The fact o f plant adaptation to H+ toxicity supports the view that this is an important factor in very acid soils (Kidd and Proctor 2001). Salinity is another condition which affects the distribution of organisms. The presence of salt in the soil water offers osmotic resistance to water uptake. The main effect of salinity is to cause osmoregulatory problems similar to those encountered in drought and freezing conditions. Salinity mainly affects organisms close to the sea or around inland salt sprins/ ponds. The main adaptation of plants isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ . Salt marshes encompass a broad range of saline concentrations from full strength sea water to non saline conditions. And has plants that are halophytic by degrees. Wind plays a major role in plant dispersal. Only small light seeds with special adaptations can be dispersed by the winds. These adaptations are to facilitate the seeds remaining airborne longer which means they can be carried greater distances. Such adaptations usually involve hairs or outgrowths which increase the surface area to catch the wind The flower ovary containing the seeds becomes a dry hollow container with one or more openings. The containers are shaken by the wind, scattering the seeds through the openings, dispersing them all around the immediate area. (Photo:http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/seed_dispersl/wind.htm) Wing-like outgrowths on the fruit (which contains the seed) make it spin as it falls from the parent plant. This spinning delays its fall so that the wind may carry it some distance away. (Photo:http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/seed_dispersl/wind.htm) Wind also has a negative effect on the distribution of organisms in that it has been implicated in the problem of soil erosion of arable lands and of sand dunes., thereby reducing their capacity to sustain plant communities. We cannot discuss the factors influencing the distribution of organism n the United Kingdom without looking at the effects of the activities of man. Man does have a positive impact in the management of resources and in the study of, collection of and interpretation of information ecology and ecosystems. However he also has a negative effect in that man is the perpetrator of the majority of effects leading to environmental pollution. These include the clearing of land for operations totally wiping out local habitats, the leaching of metals into the environment and the dumping of copper, zinc and lead around mines. Many of these metals are present already but at lower concentrations and some are vital nutrients for organisms in the surrounds but the practice of mining can elevate their presence to lethal levels (Begon et al 2006). Power plants and other factories may emit sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide which facilitate the problems with acid rain. After much analysis, researchers n ow know that acid rain causes slower growth, injury, or death of forests. It is practical to assume that if it has this effect in forests it may also retard the growth of other plants which affects a resource required in the energy flow of an ecosystem and will ultimately affect the core of that system. (National Geographic 2010) (http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/acid-rain-overview/) When pollution occurs, animals often find away to combat the stress and overcome the effects this is evidenced in the well known example of the peppered moth. However while the development is a reaction to industrial pollution there are many other factors at play, such as genetic variability. With the increasing industrialisation in Britain, the peppered moth survived by developing a darker coloured form which was better camoflaged from predators when it landed on the soot darkened trees after the lichens had died off. (Majerus and Stevens 2006) CLIMATE Furthermore Berry et al (2003) have undertaken a study which shows the vulnerability of terrestrial habitats and species distribution in Britain to climate change which is essentially the temperature increase of 0.6 °C over the past century. They contend that with such changes that it is not safe to assume that a species historical range of distribution will remain suitable. Organisms face hazards in everyday life, they develop ways to combat or counteract these hazards, however occasionally the disturbances are on such a large scale they are to b

Kmart SWOT Essay -- essays research papers

Kmart started off on the right foot back in 1899 and was a major player in supplying goods to the consumers from their small five and dime stores. From there they started to expand, they were a provider of low-cost merchandise but once the competition (Wal-Mart and Target) started opening they started loosing the fight. Since that time they have been through many changes and many hard times. By 1962 they started opening full line discount stores which continued to help the company succeed. From 1980 - 2002 five different CEOs ran the company. Some of their strategies were focused on the same track as the one before them while others had to change direction entirely in order to fight to turn the company around. Kmart has suppliers that they order their goods from so they can keep their shelves stocked. They do not make any of their own products however they do try to differentiate themselves by selling exclusive brands that include Thalia Sodi, Jaclyn Smith, Joe Boxer, Martha Stewart , and Sesame Street. Kmart ¡Ã‚ ¦s strategy has changed a few times since they started out and may continue to change in order to succeed. They have faced bankruptcy in the past and have fought to continue to compete against their competitors. Kmart has many competitive and environmental forces impacting the industry today. As all organizations do some or these forces are opportunities for them while others are threats to the organization. A few of the forces are their rivals or competitors, the substitutes that can be used, and the new entrants into the market. The main rivals among the merchandising companies are Wal-Mart, Kohls, Family Dollar and Target among many more. Wal-Mart and Target are their main rivals, this is because Wal-Mart is known for their niche as having the lowest prices and Target is known for their fashions and home furnishings both of these items Kmart tries to compete against. Also buyers see Kmart as a discount store which doesn ¡Ã‚ ¦t stand when other competitors have lower prices. Kmart ¡Ã‚ ¦s customer service and available products are two other items that Kmart fails to be a strong competitor in against these rivals. Therefore, the rivalry among the merchandising stores is a strong competitive force in this market. Another external force that affects the market is substitutes. Substitutes are the items a customer can buy to replace the items they purch... ...o the picture. By getting rid of their food items they would also have more room on the shelves to stock the much more requested items that customers want. Since Kmart is up against a couple well known companies they are going to need to stand out. They have their exclusive brands which is great if that is what the customer wants. They need to really push these items by marketing (TV spots and newspapers) so the consumer feels they need to have these items. They also need to put standards in place so that anytime research is done there is a project team put together to implement what changes need to be completed. Their strategy to win back the customer is failing because they are not implementing the needed changes. Instead they are closing down stores and not remodeling the ones that are still in business. They are loosing the market share to both Target and Wal-Mart because they are so focused on how to make another buck that they are not focusing on what really matters, the cu stomers. Until the customers are satisfied with the stores product (being on shelves), the service they receive and the location and shape of the stores they will not return as loyal customers to Kmart.

Agenda Setting

1. Agenda Setting Theory the creation of what the public thinks is important History and Orientation Agenda setting describes a very powerful influence of the media – the ability to tell us what issues are important. As far back as 1922, the newspaper columnist Walter Lippman was concerned that the media had the power to present images to the public. McCombs and Shaw investigated presidential campaigns in 1968, 1972 and 1976. In the research done in 1968 they focused on two elements: awareness and information.Investigating the agenda-setting function of the mass media, they attempted to assess the relationship between what voters in one community said were important issues and the actual content of the media messages used during the campaign. McCombs and Shaw concluded that the mass media exerted a significant influence on what voters considered to be the major issues of the campaign. Core Assumptions and Statements Core:  Agenda-setting is the creation of public awareness a nd concern of salient issues by the news media.Two basis assumptions underlie most research on agenda-setting: (1) the press and the media do not reflect reality; they filter and shape it; (2) media concentration on a few issues and subjects leads the public to perceive those issues as more important than other issues. One of the most critical aspects in the concept of an agenda-setting role of mass communication is the time frame for this phenomenon. In addition, different media have different agenda-setting potential. Agenda-setting theory seems quite appropriate to help us understand the pervasive role of the media (for example on political communication systems).Statement:  Bernard Cohen (1963) stated: â€Å"The press may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about. † Agenda Setting   as   defined in â€Å" Mass Media, Mass Culture† is the process whereby the ma ss media determine what we think and worry about. Walter Lippmann, a journalist first observed this function, in the 1920’s. Lippmann then pointed out that the media dominates over the creation of pictures in our head, he believed that the public reacts not to actual   events but to the pictures in our head.Therefore the agenda setting   process is used to remodel all the events occurring in our environment,   into   a simpler model before we deal with it. Researchers Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw have then followed this concept. McCombs and Shaw as pointed out by Littlejohn have best described the agenda setting function   in their book  Emergence of American Political Issues. In this book the authors point out that there is abundantly collected evidence that editors and broadcasters  Ã‚   play an important part   as they go through their day to day tasks   in deciding and publicizing news. This impact of the mass media- the ability to effect cognitive ch ange among among individuals, to structure their thinking- has been labeled the agenda-setting function of mass communication. Here may lie   the most important effect of mass communication, its ability to mentally order and organize our world for us. In short, the mass media may not be successful in telling us what to think, but they are stunningly successful in telling us what to think about. (McCombs and Shaw, 5) The common assumption of agenda- setting is that the ability of the media to influence the visibility of events in the public mind   has been apart of our culture for almost half a century. Therefore the concept of agenda setting in our society is for the press to selectively choose what we see or hear in the media. 2. Development Communication You must also know that communication is used as an empowerment tool. In other words, communication is used as a tool to facilitate the participation of people in development activities.Knowledge and information are essential for people to successfully respond to the opportunities and challenges of social, economic and technological changes. But to be useful, knowledge and information must be effectively communicated to people. Millions of people in developing countries are excluded from a wide range of information and knowledge, with the rural poor in particular remaining isolated from both traditional media and new information and communication technologies which would improve their life. Here, in ‘development communication’, you see that there are two words- ‘development’ and ‘communication’.By now, you know what communication means. You have also learnt that communication is a message understood or sharing of experience. When we refer to communication, in the context of development, we refer to various types of communication like interpersonal, group and mass communication. Now let’s try and understand the term ‘development’. It is not easy t o define this as it depends on the context. Development is about change. It is about changing for the better. It could be about social or economic change for improvement or progress.When we refer to development communication, it is about such communication that can be used for development. It is about using communication to change or improve something. Here we use different types of messages to change the socio-economic condition of people. These messages are designed to transform the behaviour of people or for improving their quality of life. Therefore, development communication can be defined as the use of communication to promote development. Those who write or produce programmes on issues related to development are called development communicators.Role of a development communicator The development communicator plays a very significant role in explaining the development process to the common people in such a way that it finds acceptance. In order to achieve this objective a devel opment communicator: – has to understand the process of development and communication; – should possess knowledge in professional techniques and should know the audience; – prepare and distribute development messages to millions of people in such a way that they are received and understood, accepted and applied.

Free Essays on The Two Greatest Writers of Frances

of witty and his insights in the way people acted, applied well in his writings among all social classes. Like Moliere, these writers have a way with their works, which seems to in body the reader and show them things about themselves that might be selfish or greedy. Both of these writers main purpose was to teach. These works speak out about issues that people encounter throughout the course of the day and throughout their lives. Maliere’s work was aimed at singling out the wealthy tradesman for being greedy and pay... Free Essays on The Two Greatest Writers of Frances Free Essays on The Two Greatest Writers of Frances Two of Frances greatest writers were Francuis de La Rochefoucauld (1613-1680) and Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (1622-1673) both part of the French Baroque society. Both had great writing styles that differ and compare to each other. These writers, â€Å"addressed questions of human dignity and morality in a language that was clear, polished, and precise.† (Fiero,545) Poquelin and La Rochefoucauld were single handedly the best two writers in the seventeenth-century French literature because, they both knew how to capture people by using human behaviors and comedy to relate and teach them. Even though Poquelin grew up the son of a wealthy family and could have had a career in law, he gave that up for acting and play writing. Poquelin’s stage name was Moliere and he wrote many plays but one of his last ones seemed to become very famous. This play write was called, Le Bourgeois Gentillhomme, which means â€Å"The Tradesman Turned Gentleman,† which involves a wealthy tradesman trying to earn upper-class respectability. This work connects to the people, the way it uses regular human behavior to teach people. As far as Francois de La Rochefoucauld, he was France’s greatest maxim writer of all time. â€Å"A maxim is a short, concise, and often-witty saying that usually is drawn from experience and offering some practical advice,† (Fiero,545) in a way like Moliere’s work. It’s amassing how Rochefoucauld words of witty and his insights in the way people acted, applied well in his writings among all social classes. Like Moliere, these writers have a way with their works, which seems to in body the reader and show them things about themselves that might be selfish or greedy. Both of these writers main purpose was to teach. These works speak out about issues that people encounter throughout the course of the day and throughout their lives. Maliere’s work was aimed at singling out the wealthy tradesman for being greedy and pay...

Stress Essay Example

Stress Essay Example Stress Essay Stress Essay There are four types of stress and these are the following: 1) Eustress, which occurs during strenuous activities, enthusiasm, activities wherein extreme imagination is included, inspiration, motivation, and stimulation is necessitated; this is typically experienced by those sportsmen who are about to compete; it is actually a positive stress (National.., 2006). 2) Distress, which happens when changes and adjustments are made especially if such activities are considered routine; it consequently leads to feelings of uneasiness and unfamiliarity; this is usually experienced by those who move from one place to another and those who change jobs too often (National.., 2006). 3) Hyperstress, which results when a person goes over his or her limits or what he or she can typically handle; if such happens, even little issues exceedingly irritate them, consequently, exhibiting a strong emotional response; this is typically experienced by those who are overworked (National.., 2006). There are times where I have to stay late hours over my schedule because many employees do not want to show up. This makes me very frustrated and causes my cognitive processes to be so unclear. I always have a set routine at work so this really messes with my schedule and alters what I need to get done such as school work and much needed studying. To manage these emotions I really have to breathe and think about why I am working and what is important about getting those hours. Thinking positively really helps me to get through the long aggravating hours and helps me better focus. I feel that this way is somewhat effective sometimes because I am able to get through and finish all tasks I am asked to complete no matter how aggravating. There are so many times when I am faced with situations involving my personal life, such as family issues, or even problems with financial issues. In times such as these I become very depressed and even saddened of all the problems. When trying to cope with situations like this I tend to want to be by myself and try to think of ways to make the situation better. I begin managing my budget on all my financial Issues and I also found ways to talk to others such as friends or close relatives about my problems. This helped me to better cope with my Issues and become a very effective method when dealing with situations like this. I feel that sometimes there are other ways that I can deal with my Issues but I do tend to forget about the positive and think more negatively. Everyone has emotions and some people, however may not know how to control their emotions. Whether you are dealing with anger, depression, or frustration, you always need a way to manage your feelings calmly and positively. In the future there are many ways that I can learn to manage and express my emotions. It may seem that theres nothing you can do about stress. The bills wont stop coming, there will never be more noirs In ten clay, Ana your career Ana Tamely responsibilities wall always owe demanding. But you have more control than you might think. In fact, the simple realization that youre in control of your life is the foundation of stress management. Managing stress is all about taking charge: of your thoughts, emotions, schedule, and the way you deal with problems. Some ways to manage stress and control the emotions along with them would be; learn how to say no Know your limits and stick to them. Whether in your personal or professional life, taking on more than you can handle is a surefire recipe for stress, avoid people who stress you out If someone consistently causes stress in your life and you cant turn the relationship around, limit the amount of time you spend with that person or end the relationship entirely, take control of your environment If the evening news makes you anxious, turn the TV off. If traffics got you tense, take a longer but less-traveled route. If going to the market is an unpleasant chore, do your grocery shopping online, pare down your to-do list Analyze your schedule, responsibilities, and daily tasks. If youve got too much on your plate, distinguish between the should and the musts. Drop tasks that arent truly necessary to the bottom of the list or eliminate them entirely. When expressing feelings you must accept the responsibilities for your feelings, show others that you are feeling a certain way but also show this in a positive way. Choose he best time and place to express your feelings, even if the situation is one you feel negatively about it is always best to experience those strong feelings in a way that will not affect others. Perceiving others more accurately isnt the only challenge communicators face. At times we view ourselves in a distorted way. These distorted self- perceptions can generate a wide range of feelings such as insecurity, anger, and guilt. Learning to cope and manage emotions helps everyone in the long run because you not only can think straight but you can also do better at completing tasks and also managing the constant aggravation of bills and everyday life. I have learned that it is very important to stay calm and Just breathe.

Techniques in Financial Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Techniques in Financial Analysis - Essay Example Naked DSL was named the product of the year by the Australian PC Magazine. IIN has grown both organically through innovative product development and inorganically by merging with many smaller ISPs. (b) The company has experienced strong growth through the launch of telephony products and deployment of DSLAM infrastructure. With a range of telephony services that include add-on voice and broadband services, IIN offers their own telephone service resulting in a lower line rental price for its customers. In 2006, IIN introduced its DSLAM infrastructure into telephone exchanges across Australia. DSLAM allowed a speed of over 1.5 Mbit/s with a maximum download of 24 Mbit/s. The potential risk with the product development strategy is the possibility of changes in product line and pricing owing to close competition from other major players such as the regulatory conflict with Telstra. Another medium term growth strategy is the inorganic route of acquisitions. In the early 2000s, IIN expande d nationwide by acquiring RuralNet Tas Access, Granite Internet and so on. In 2003, the biggest acquisition of ihug Ltd. followed. Residential ISP business and trademarks of rival OzEmail followed in 2005. After a hiatus, IIN recommenced its acquisition strategy to acquire Perth-based ISPs, Up’n’away and Westnet. Potential risks for acquisition include synergy and funding risks. When IIN acquired OzEmail, the business side remained with its US-parent, MCI but the retail business was neglected. OzEmail moved very late into ADSL and by 2006, IIN had abandoned the OzEmail brand. Fund-raising for acquisitions is a major concern. In 2006, IIN requested a share trading halt after its share value slid by 50%. There was uncertainty from IIN’s bankers as the company had capital raising issues and thus, unable to honour the bank’s covenants. As the third largest ISP, IIN has utilised its brand for strategic purposes. To increase its market share in metros and regio nal Australia, the company has invested in the â€Å"Hallelujah† and the â€Å"Humanology† brand campaigns. A new hi-tech wireless home gateway, ‘BoB’, is featured in its â€Å"Hallelujah† campaign. The increased brand investment has led to increased sales across its businesses. The company has launched its next phase in brand expansion. A potential risk to the brand strategy of IIN is the existing competition in the ISP segment. There are over 600 ISPs in Australia with Telstra leading the market with 43% market share. The second largest player, Optus holds 11% market share. IIN with its 8% share will need to increase its footprint in Australia to compete with the large players and aid its brand recall with customers. Question 2: Liquidity (136/150 words) (a) 2009 Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities ($’000) = 46,939/81,763 = 0.6 2008 Current Ratio = 34,494/77,511 = 0.4 2009 Acid Test Ratio = Current Assets–Inventories-P repayments/Current ($’000) Liabilities-Bank Overdraft = 46,939–1,078-13,981/81,763-501 = 0.4 2008 Acid Test Ratio = 34,494-1,073-8,922/77,511-2,846 = 0.3 (b) IIN’s availability of cash and other current assets to cover accounts payable, short-term debt and other liabilities stands at 0.6 in 2009. The current ratio has improved from 0.4 in 2008 to 0.6 There is an increase in the acid-test ratio from 0.3 in 2008 to 0.4 in 2009. The acid test ratio is a more stringent test, incorporating only those assets that can be converted to cash quickly. Current and

Mediation Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mediation Assignment - Essay Example It is this relationship that guides them in any future dealings, and might also assist the summer interns get the Human Resource Department’s support whenever any issue might arise. After both parties arrive at the office, it is vital to assure them that all parties will have their turn to speak and air their views. It is paramount that some of the ground rules are made for all parties to comprehend what might be at stake (Smith & Smock, 2008). I am the voice of reason between the warring parties, thus; confidence, clarity, and conciseness are what I need to make the mediation process a success. At the end of the stabilization stage, I ask for any questions from the warring parties, and then proceed to hearing their views. The mediation room is one place where all the concerned parties become aware of each other’s existence and role in the organization. At this stage, I allocate Ms. Bennett and Mr. Stokes a few minutes to speak about their predicaments, and inquire what their thoughts are, with regards on how to move forward in company dealings. Both parties think they are entitled to what they want, but I remind them of the organization’s policies and what they dictate. Questioning both parties and restating some of their positions gives my position a better chance at trying to negotiate the terms of the agreement (Smith & Smock, 2008). The confidentiality of the meeting makes it possible for both Ms. Bennett and Mr. Stokes to confide in me, and after each parties’ contribution, I thank them both for sharing. After listening to both sides, it is my duty to bring them both to agree on a common ground, where every party might feel like they have a certain measure of control in their respective departments. This ensures that issues which are of more concern find their way to the top of the discussion table, and

IT functions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IT functions - Research Paper Example Firstly, outsourcing controls operating costs such as management oversight, health insurance, retirement plans and employment taxes costs that the company would incur if were to employ IT experts and other workers for IT department. Secondly, outsourcing enables the company to focus its competencies of on the core business activities; apparently, information technology is not a core activity for most organizations. An organization may also outsource due to lack to of competent human resources that can manage its information technology needs. The need to outsource may also be triggered by the organization’s need to free internal human resources for other purposes for which they are experts instead of engaging them in IT functions where their competencies may be low. An organization may also outsource information technology services in order to gain exceptional capabilities from IT specialists. Finally, the company will choose to outsource in order to retain capital funds for capital investment projects. On the other hand, the organization will consider not outsourcing information technology services due to factors such as internal availability of human resources that are skilled to manage IT services. Further, if the company has surplus funds such that all viable investment projects have been adequately financed, the excess funds may be directed to IT development. Outsourcing poses a number of risks that firms should consider when deciding whether outsourcing the IT function is the best decision. Outsourcing creates dependence of the organization on the Information technology services provider. The outsourcing organization might experience adjusting problems when the outsourcing contract ends. In addition, the organization may not have the capacity to develop its own IT infrastructure as soon as the outsourcing contract ends and the results of this inability may be adverse to its operating activities. By outsourcing, the firm loses control over several

Improving Carbon Dioxide Solubility in Ionic Liquids Essay Example for Free

Improving Carbon Dioxide Solubility in Ionic Liquids Essay Previously we showed that CO2 could be used to extract organic molecules from ionic liquids without contamination of the ionic liquid. Consequently a number of other groups demonstrated that ionic liquid/CO2 biphasic systems could be used for homogeneously catalyzed reactions. Large differences in the solubility of various gases in ionic liquids present the possibility of using them for gas separations. More recently we and others have shown that the presence of CO2 increases the solubility of other gases that are poorly soluble in the ionic liquid phase. Therefore, a knowledge and understanding of the phase behavior of these ionic liquid/ CO2 systems is important. With the aim of finding ionic liquids that improve CO2 solubility and gaining more information to help us understand how to design CO2-philic ionic liquids, we present the low- and high-pressure measurements of CO2 solubility in a range of ionic liquids possessing structures likely to increase the solubility of CO2. We examined the CO2 solubility in a number of ionic liquids with systematic increases in fluorination. We also studied nonfluorinated ionic liquids that have structural features known to improve CO2 solubility in other compounds such as polymers, for example, carbonyl groups and long alkyl chains with branching or ether linkages. Results show that ionic liquids containing increased fluoroalkyl chains on either the cation or anion do improve CO2 solubility when compared to less fluorinated ionic liquids previously studied. It was also found that it was possible to obtain similar, high levels of CO2 solubility in nonfluorous ionic liquids. In agreement with our previous results, we found that the anion frequently plays a key role in determining CO2 solubility in ionic liquids. Introduction The phase behavior of CO2 with ionic liquids (ILs) is important for the development of several potential IL applications. Since we first showed that CO2 was soluble in ILs and could be used to extract organic solutes,1-3 IL/CO2 systems have been demonstrated for various catalytic reactions.4-17 In some cases, CO2 is used to extract the product from the IL, leaving behind the catalyst and the IL for reuse. Others have adopted IL/CO2 continuous flow systems, where CO2 is used to deliver the substrates to the IL/catalyst phase and extract the products. Recently we also confirmed that CO2 could increase the solubility of gases normally not very soluble on their own in ILs.18 We found that the solubility of CH4 and O2 increased in ILs even at low partial pressures of CO2. Others studying the enantioselective hydrogenation of imines using a cationic iridium catalyst in an IL/CO2 biphasic system found that the catalyst performance was increased dramatically in the IL when CO2pressure was added.19 High-pressure NMR showed that the addition of CO2 increased the amount of H2 dissolved in the IL. The authors believed that the catalyst, which was known to be sensitive to H2 availability, could operate more effectively due to an increase in H2 concentration in the IL along with a decrease in viscosity of the IL with added CO2. Another * Corresponding author. Telephone: (574) 631-5847. Fax: (574) 6318366. E-mail: [emailprotected] †  Current address: EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K. E-mail: [emailprotected] †¡ Current address: Intermediates RD, Invista S.a.r.l, Sabine River Laboratory B568, P. O. Box 1003, Orange, TX 77631-1003. potential application of ILs that several research groups along with our group have examined is the separation of CO2 from gas mixtures.20-22 To design and optimize processes using ILs, it is essential that we understand the important factors that determine CO2 solubility. It is possible to design many potential ILs; therefore, the systematic study of different cation/anion combinations will allow us to decipher the key properties in making CO2-philic ILs. To date we have studied the solubility of CO2 in a range ofcommonly used ILs.2,23-29 We found that there were a number of factors that controlled the CO2 solubility in the chosen ILs, both cation and anion related.26 Of the ionic liquids studied, the anion played the biggest role in CO2 solubility, a fact that was supported by a recent X-ray diffraction study by Kanakubo et al.30 Anions that contain fluoroalkyl groups were found to have some of the highest CO2 solubilities, and as the quantity of fluoroalkyl groups increased, the CO2 solubility also increased. The previous studies showed CO2 solubility for 1-butyl3-methylimidazolium ([bmim]+) based ILs at 60  °C increased in the order nitrate ([NO3]-) tetrafluoroborate ([BF4]-) dicyanamide ([DCA]-) ? hexafluorophosphate ([PF6]-) ? trifluoromethanesulfonate ([TfO]-) bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ([Tf2N]-) tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide ([methide]-). For the cations, there were two factors thatinfluenced the CO2 solub ility. The biggest effect was seen in increasing alkyl chain length on the cation. For a given cation, the CO2 solubility increased with increasing chain length, and these results are consistent with those reported elsewhere.31-35

Enterprise Project Management

Enterprise Project Management 1. Describe the metrics and characteristics of projects using a specific example. When you focus on creating something new and unique temporary with definitive start dates and end dates. it means that you are working on project .you can say your project is completed when you reach the goals and objectives that define before by stakeholders. Sometimes you cannot achieve to the goals or result of the projects is no longer useful and the project is canceled. Let me bring one example and explain all characteristics of the project .For example you are working in a clothing factory, you receive an order from school for design special uniform for students now you will ask yourself is it project? The first question is about uniqueness? yes ,it is new because you design something different . what about limit time? Yes, you have a short time to hand in your order exactly before the school starts and when you ship your order, the project will be completed and you will achieve the goal when the manager and students become happy by seeing clothes and always remember A successf ul project is one that meets the expectations of your stakeholders. PROJECT METRIC What is metric? Metric is a standard measurement .It will help you to check your project base on efficiently on performance and progress ,productivity,. By using metric you can improve the ability of making decision in your organization and you can understand your situation and asking yourself which way is working within the organization and apply the guide and go forward to right direction. Project management metrics can help Project managers to: Understand your situation in terms of schedule, cost and profitability. Be aware of risks Overcome problems before becoming serious Keep an eye on project profitability Estimate the performance of your team Evaluate your work product base on quality Complexity and nature of each project can create different project management metric. We have five group of metric performance .These five attitude can cover all aspect of project in execution process. 1. Cost variance The purpose of this metric is to measure projects progress and performance against signed baselines. By using this method, in a certain point of time, we can conclude the expected cost and duration of the project. Planned Value (PV): is about how much you planned to spend for the planned work. PV at any period = (Planned % Complete) X (BAC) Earned Value (EV): how much you planned to spend for the work you actually did. Actual cost (AC): Actual cost is the exact cost that happened during the project to complete or in WBS process and the cost was recorded. . Schedule Variance (SV):by this method we will measure our project schedule performance. The difference of Earned value and the planned value SV = Earned value- Planned value If you get Positive answer. It means that you are ahead of your schedule. If you get Negative answer. It means that you are behind your schedule. Cost Variance (CV): is the measure of cost performance on the project. earned value (EV) deduct from actual costs (AC).if you get negative CV .It means is too hard to recover to the project. CV = Earned value Actual cost 2. Effective use of resources To measure how we use our resources base on productivity Utilization% = Total Effort spent by resource/Total Budgeted Effort for the resource 3. Change requests to Scope of work. For the whole project we use the sign scope by customer , so if any change happen to the sign scope should happen in controlled way. 4.Quality of project and meet customer needs As you can see quality is a very import factor and quality control will happen during the life cycle if we detect defects in latest stage it will affect more .we have several defects such as Defect density = Total number of defects found/ Measure of size and defects age(Number of days since the defect is open and not fixed) and Defect resolution rate = Total number of defects resolved/ Total effort spent and Number of defects reported by customer. 5: Gross Margin Shortest way to understand if your business in on correct track or not and be aware of situation to put in place margin improvement initiatives. 2. Explain the differences between project, program, and portfolio management? Let me explain the differences of them by graph and example Project program portfolio Project will create product or service for example developing software and process will create result Imagine we want to develop a software for managing our document we will consider this work as a project then assume that we want to improve our documents management in other words access in a faster, better way to documents this work is program because we focus on result not product. What about portfolio when we improved our access in documents management this result will bring benefit such as decreasing in current liability or increase companys credit we will consider this benefit as portfolio. In summary: programs are group of related projects, we will apply similar techniques. Sometimes programs involve aspects of ongoing operations.Portfoliosare collections of programs, sub portfolios, operations, and projects that support strategic business goals or objectives Programs and projects within a portfolio are not necessarily related to one another in a direct way. 3. Describe how processes relate to process groups and knowledge areas in the PMBOK Guide. Provide a specific example of a process that we covered in one of the first 6 chapters of the book? There are five Process Groups: Initiating Define goals/specifications Planning Plan the project Executing Schedule the project Monitoring Controlling Manage the project Closing Finish the project We have ten knowledge areas 1. integration 2.Scope 3.time 4.cost 5.quality 6.HR 7. Communications 8 risk 9 .Procurement 10.stakeholders Ten knowledge areas: Knowledge Areas are used on most projects most of the time. It is up to the project management team to define the appropriate depth of implementation for each project. We have 44 process the relationship between five process group and ten knowledge .summarize in following table Now let me give you an example to clarify the connection between project management and knowledge area . For example: imagine you are a project manager working on project team for a software instruction project. The six factors that you have to calculate in project management software are as fallows : 1.Task duration 2.start time 3.finish time 4.precedence relationship 5.resources 6.unit allocation For example: we go through following process to finish the project 1.In the first step of the project ,which includes approving and developing the project charter. 2.In the second step make the project management plan which help you to cover several project activity 3.Third step accomplish the project and it is the step that actual work and time happened . 4. This step is controlling and monitoring the project 5.In the last step , we finish the project. Knowledge areas are separated to keep the same type of accomplishment set in one group. For example you are developing and planning process of the plan for your project. In this process ,to compute the budget you will use two processes: calculate costs and determine budget. 4. Describe the purpose and contents of a project charter? Project charter can be very powerful tool because it will give you proper visibility , because it will inform you exactly the roles and responsibilities and put the project in the way of the strategic goals and objectives of the organization. The Project Charter will sign by project sponsor so that the Project Manager is given clear authority by the one sponsor.. According to the (PMBOK), a Project Charter results from one of the following needs, or business requirements: 1)Demand of market 2)Need of business 3)Request from customer 4)Advance in technology 5)Social need 6)A legal requirement Let me bring one example and explain the contents of project charter imagine we want to renovate a hotel what will be in project charter first The purpose for the project through a description of the business needs that the project is going fulfill then we will explain about background and then about high level project approach in this case the project will be divide to two phase first renovation and construction (about 9month) and then re-opening (about 12 month) and then we will clarify business goal for example in this case we have two goals restore the property to profitability and Disassociate the hotel from its previously tarnished image and then what is project goals for example Complete renovation of the hotel onetime . A project charter can be as short as 1 page, and as long as 200 pages. Writing too much detail in early stages is difficult, as too much detail may not even be available. 5. Describe three classic business level strategies. What is the relationship between business level strategy and project selection? Porter (1980) claimed that there are three generic strategies: 1)cost leadership2)differentiation and focus. Cost leadership: It inform us organization fallowing a cost leadership strategy in order to access competitive advantage and enhance their share in a market by using low cost producers. Differentiation: Organizations fallowing differentiation method in order to satisfies the desires of their customers This differentiation let the organization to charge more. Best-cost: many researchers believe that a combination of strategies could be the best approach. As a result you can create a sustainable competitive advantage in your organizations and it can effect on your efficiently ,when you combine cost leadership and differentiation, when they provide low-cost products and address customer values . Multiple competing projects, limited skilled resources, dispersed virtual teams, time to market pressures, and limited capital serve as forces for the emergence of project portfolio management that provides the infrastructure for managing multiple projects and linking business strategy with project selection. Many business man belief that connecting project management with business strategy can significantly enhance the achievement of organizational goals, strategies, and performance. We have mathematic model that can help us to choose better project for investment. Cost-Benefit Analysis Comparing the cost of production or services with the benefit Scoring Models According your priority you will allocate weight to the criteria then you will decide which one is more suitable for you. Cash Flow Analysis Techniques 1.1 Payback Period The length of time will take you recoup your initial investment. 1.2 Discounted Cash Flows The amount of money you invest now in future what will be your value of your money FV = PV(1 + I)n 1.3 Net Present Value value of future monies received into todays dollars 1.4 Internal Rate of Return projects with higher IRR values are generally considered better than projects with low IRR values. 6.Describe the purpose and contents of a project management plan? The purpose of project management is to tell you how you manage well execution and monitoring and controlling and closing process in your project and will describe how documents the processes you apply during project . The first process you have to do in planning process group is project management plan ,actually this process base on knowledge area focus mostly on defining and preparing ,coordinating , and connect all the various subsidiary project plan into overall project plan.as we know for creating document the plan we need to collect input .Project charter, output from other process ,Enterprise environment factors and organization process asset are input of project management plan. From chapter one we know the meaning of tailoring in project management we use tailoring to determine which processes to apply to best manage the project. Project charter:as we know the charter will tell you about goals of project and the requirements need to get satisfaction from stakeholder. Charter is an input for project management plan why? Because we use the information in charter such as project objective , milestone schedule, requirements, summery of budget for determining which project management processes to use . Output from others processes :project management processes include all individual processes that create the process group. Enterprise Environmental factors: you have to consider some element when you choose processes to perform project .standard ,company culture and organization structure ,personal administration are elements. Organization process asset: some critical elements you should pay attention during choosing processes are plan template, change control procedures, performance measurement criteria, historical information, standards, procedures also you should consider about change control processes I mean your organization has existing change control processes in place ,about templates or financial control .You can use historical data and organization past project in order to decide which process is more suitable for the project . Documenting the project management plan for each processes we do we need output .output usually present in a shape of report or document .in this case you end up with document the project management plan explain about integration, coordinated and subsidiary plans for the processes you apply for the project. According to PMBOK the subsidiary are: 1) scope management plan2)Requirements management plan 3)schedule management plan 4)cost management plan 4)quality management plan 5)communication managements plan 6)risk management plan 7)procurement management plan 8)processes improvement plan 9)human resource plan 10)Stakeholder management plan. Actually it not easy to finalize some of these subsidiary plans without thinking or doing processes they are associated with first we should remember updates should occur to the project management plans as subsidiary plans are created or changed. 7.  Describe the purpose and contents of a work breakdown structure? The purpose of WBS is decompose and break complex activities in smaller components. this is important for the project manager because ,they can see the tasks more effectively than the complex activities. The purpose of developing a WBS and WBS Dictionary are :1)It can help project team to plan logically and complete the project 2) It will help to gather documents and information about work that needs for doing the project 3) some activities are so complex WBS can cause these activities become organize and manageable so we can achieve project objectives. The WBS and WBS Dictionary are not the schedule, but rather the building blocks to it. The progression of WBS and WBS Dictionary development is as follows: The contents of WBS are scope management plan, project scope statement , requirements documentation, Enterprise Environment Factors, Organizational Process Assets. WBS include some items, those items are approved through scope statement should detail the full scope of work needed to complete. Breaking down can help us to estimate project cost and time and allocating resources, determining quality control. We need two tools for create WBS process 1)decomposition 2)expert judgment Decomposition :is involves breaking down the deliverables into smaller The first level of decomposition is the major deliverable level or subproject level, the second level of decomposition is a further elaboration of the deliverables. Decomposition will occur in five process 1)Identify the deliverables and work 2)Organize the WBS 3)Decompose the WBS components into lower -level4) Assign identification codes.5)Verify the WBS WBS levels: Project manager will determine the number of levels of WBS base on complexity of the project .In a WBS, every level item has a unique assigned number so that work can be identified and tracked over time. A WBS may have varying numbers of decomposition levels, but there is a general scheme for how to number each level so that tasks are uniquely numbered and correctly summarized. Below is the general convention for how tasks are decomposed: Level 1 Designated by 1.0. This level is the top level of the WBS and is usually the project name. All other levels are subordinate to this level. Level 2 Designated by 1.X (e.g., 1.1, 1.2). This level is the summary level. Level 3 Designated by 1.X.X (e.g., 1.1.1, 1.1.2). This third level comprises the subcomponents to each level 2 summary element. This effort continues down until progressively subordinate levels are assigned for all work required for the entire project. 8.Describe the purpose and contents of a project schedule Scheduling will tell us how to finish in a certain time usually with defined stages, and defined resources. schedule can help us to calculate cost, set expectations plans and coordinate track and report. The schedule shows where you are along the road to done, how much work is left to be accomplished, how much has been accomplished, who is doing this future work, what they are delivering, and when they plan to deliver it. How to make schedule : Step One: Define Activities The goal of the activity definition step is to identify all the tasks required to accomplish the product. In level 3 of WBS(data base) create tables and populates tables. Step Two: Sequence Activities 1) Do I have anytime to constraint? 2) What is the relationship between activities? 3) Which activity can be done in parallel? Step Three: Estimate Activity Resources Step four: Estimate activity duration 1) Which is the sequence? 1)what is the level of skill of each resource assigned 2) Which are my restrictions (cost/time)? 2)To finalized each activity do we need 3) For each activity who do I need? Step five: develop schedule: 9) Describe the purpose and contents of a project budget? The purposes of budgeting are for resource allocate resources, planning, coordination, control and motivation. It is also a vital tool for decision making method and monitoring business performance and forecasting income and expenditure. With proper budgeting, limited resources are managed efficiently. Input for determined budget : Cost Management Plan: It will show us how we can develop , manage , controlled project costs during project. Scope Baseline: Scope baseline includes the project scope statement, the WBS, and the WBS dictionary. The scope escribes the constraints of the project you should consider when developing the budget Basis of Estimates: It will cover all detail about estimate such as indirect costs. Project schedule: Project schedule will give you helpful information about start and end dates , milestones and by these information yon determine budget expenditures . Resource Calendars:Resource calendars will help you define costs in calendar periods and over the length of the project .They help you to what resources you need. Risk Register: Before preparing budget you should consider list of risk that could happen during the projects. Specially risks with high impact or high probability they could add cost to the project. Agreements : all cost information such as buying product , services, Organizational Process Assets will assist you with the work of this process include cost budgeting tools, the policies and procedures your organization (or PMO) may have regarding budgeting exercises. Budget Process Outputs: 1) Cost baseline 2) Project funding requirements 3) Project documents updates Weve covered the project documents updates in other processes. For Determine Budget, you may need to update the risk register, cost estimates, and/or the project schedule. 10. Describe the concepts of probability and impact in risk analysis using a specific example Analysis Risk When the risk identified, the next step is risk analysis. By using risk analysis, we can transform the identified risks into decision-making information. As a result , each risk is considered and a judgment made about the probability and the seriousness of the risk. For each risk, the team must do the following: 1) Assess the probability of a loss occurring. Some risks are very likely to happen and in the other hand some are very unlikely. Apply a scale that can reflects the perceived likelihood of a risk. Depending upon the degree of detail desired and/or possible, the scale can be numeric, based on a percentage scale, such as 10 percent likely to lose a key team. Team should apply a set numerical probability for each qualitative value (e.g. very improbable= 10 percent, improbable = 25 percent) 2) Assess the impact of the loss if the loss were to happen. Then we can estimate the result of risk Impact possibility Trivial Minor Moderate Major Extreme Rare Low Low Low Medium Medium Un likely Low Low Medium Medium Medium Moderate Low Medium Medium Medium High Likely Medium Medium Medium High High Very likely Medium Medium High High High Risk management is a very important function in todays business world. A probability impact matrix is one of the management tools to evaluate risks in terms of their probability and extent of their impact. In addition, it is a useful framework to decide which risk requires more attention in an organization. The inputs in the probability chart are derived from risk assessment form. So, it can be said the process of making this chart is simple. Probability chart is a table shaped form which incorporates various colors to indicate the probability and impacts of various risks. It has categorized risks into four groups as extreme, high risk, medium and low risk. The detailed explanation of these risks are given below: Extreme: These risks are marked with R (red color) in the chart and considered as high priority of importance. Company should give close attention and take early steps to eliminate this kind of risks completely. High risk: These kind of risks also require immediate actions or risk management strategies. In the probability impact matrix, these are characterized as H symbol and highlighted in the pink cells. If it is not possible to act immediately to reduce these risks then strict time line should be made to avoid the adverse effects produced from these risks. Medium: These risks are denoted by the first letter of medium M and marked in the orange cells. As the name suggested, these kind of risks are characterized middle in the scale of importance. Company dont have to resolve medium risk immediately like extreme and high risk categories. Smart thinking, logical planning these strategies work best to reduce medium risk in an effective manner. Low risk: These kind of risks are marked as L and placed in the green cells in the probability impact matrix. Low risks require less attention compared to other categories and can be ignored without having any adverse effect. But company can implement any available controlling mechanism to reduce low risk. the risk exposure can be calculated. Risk exposure is calculated as follows Risk Exposure (RE) = P ÃÆ'- C EXAMPLE: Imagine furniture factory Rank Risk Probability Impact Risk exp Action 1. Delay in shipment 50% $ 1000 $ 5000 Weekly status meeting 2 Requirements changes 40% $ 7000 $ 2800 Bi-weekly deliverables. 3. Aggressive performance requirements 30% $ 9000 $2700 Prototyping, performance testing